Channels of Communication Essay Example for Free

Channels of Communication Essay Write when you want to: †¢Make sure there are no misunderstandings †¢Have constant reference to subject matter Writing is effective in communicating with any audience that is capable of reading and comprehending your compositions. If the person ever has a question regarding the subject, they can always refer to what is written. Make a presentation when you want to: †¢Give a more detailed description †¢Command the attention of an audience When making a presentation or presenting material to an audience, it is possible to give someone who may not fully understand your message solely from reading, a more broad perspective of the matter. Speak with an individual when you want to: †¢Earn a higher level respect and confidence from that individual †¢Create an atmosphere of mutual trust For myself, speaking with someone individually, is very effective in the sense of having one on one communication with that person ensures that there are little to no distractions.

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna

Fed Corner Truncated Microstrip Patch Antenna Ultra-Wide band communications attracted great interest of researchers as it has become one of the most promising technologies for short range mobile systems, Personal Area Networks (PAN) and high speed indoor data communication applications. FCC mentioned parameters for the complete functioning of UWB antennas and they have to cover the bandwidth specified by FCC to attain adequate performance. UWB has the advantage of high data rates with extremely low interference to other narrow band systems. The ultra short pulses provide extremely good spatial resolution, as the range provided by UWB is enough to seize down the major applications of daily life like in ground penetrating radars, parking radars, biomedical imaging, precision tracking and location finding. Various types of UWB antennas have been proposed and implemented with different feeding techniques, such as transmission line, probe feed, dual feed and coplanar waveguides (CPW). A compact antenna design fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed. Overall dimensions of antenna are 28ÃÆ'-24 mm2. The design is fabricated and further analyzed to confirm its proper working in UWB range. The design of antenna is quite flexible as fiddling with the patch of microstrip antenna has been done in order to enhance the bandwidth which is the most valued obsession in the current environment. On the other hand, CPW has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion at higher frequency, small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate and coplanar capability. Using CPW as feeding structure to excite a patch antenna has become very popular recently. The proposed antenna offers an excellent performance for UWB systems by providing bandwidth ranging up to 15.65GHz. Critical design parameters return loss and radiation patterns are investigated in detail. Proposed antenna provides good impedance matching, stable gain characteristics and consistent radiation patterns over its almost whole frequency band of interest. Chapter 1 Introduction Project Overview IEEE defines antenna as a device for radiating and receiving electromagnetic waves. They are used both as transmitter and receiver. This is era of wireless communication. Antennas are an important means of wireless communications now days. The need of time is compact small size antennas with enhanced bandwidth and gain. Amongst all antenna types microstrip patch antennas are most common. They are light in weight and consume low power. But patch antennas have disadvantage that they have narrow bandwidth. Many techniques are used to enhance bandwidth. Ultrawide band antennas have many applications and for many years they have been used for broadband and spread spectrum features in radar systems. The UWB performances of antennas result from excitation by non-sinusoidal signals with quickly time-varying performances [1]. UWB are low power consumption antennas and are for unlicensed applications. As name suggests, they have broad spectrum. Problem Statement Ultra wideband technology is used in low power, short range and high bandwidth communication. In UWB; through spreading information can be transmitted over a larger bandwidth and spectrum is also shared with the other users at the same time. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated the license free band of 3.1GHz-10.6GHz for use in UWB applications. Since then there is a growing demand of UWB antennas for high data rate applications i.e. wireless personal area network (WPAN). UWB has had a important effect on antenna design. The major challenge in UWB antenna design is to achieve wide impedance bandwidth and stable gain while maintaining high radiation efficiency. Project Objective The purpose of this project is to design, stimulate, analyze and fabricate ultra wide band antenna using co-planer waveguide. Design and analysis of a compact antenna fed by CPW for UWB Applications is proposed Bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 15.65 GHz. Antenna offers an excellent performance for ultra-wide band systems by providing an ultra-wide bandwidth ranging from 3.1 18.75 GHz. Gain of the proposed antenna is 4.91dBi over its almost whole frequency band of interest Small size of antenna makes it suitable for applications which demand miniaturization of antenna structure and input impedance of 50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Methodology We have simulated the designed antenna using Ansoft HFSS. Then the simulated antenna is fabricated and tested on the network analyzer. The simulated and measured results are also explained. Organization of the thesis This report is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 2 presents the fundamental parameters of antenna. This includes an explanation of various parameters related to antenna performance including radiation intensity ,radiation pattern, power density , gain, directivity and polarization etc. Chapter 3 discusses the Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques. Chapter 4 includes Ultra wide band microstrip patch antenna, history of UWB antennas, their features and advantages. Chapter 5 describes antenna design, simulated results, 2D and 3D radiation patterns for different frequencies and fabricated results. Chapter 6 concludes the entire work done throughout the designing of proposed antenna. Conclusion and future work helps to explore enormity of the subject. Chapter 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antenna 2.1 Radiation Pattern The radiation pattern describes the strength of the radiated field in different directions from the antenna, at a constant distance. The radiation pattern is also reception pattern, as it describes the receiving properties of the antenna. It is defined as a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases the radiation pattern is determined in far field regions and is defined as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity, field strength, directivity phase or polarization [2]. The radiation pattern is three-dimensional, but measured patterns are usually two dimensional in vertical or horizontal plane view. These measured patterns are presented in either rectangular or polar format. Following figure shows radiation pattern of an antenna in polar plane and Cartesian coordinate systems. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps7183/ps469/images/0900aecd806a1a3e_null_null_null_08_07_07-03.jpg Figure-2.1: Radiation Pattern of an antenna in Cartesian and polar coordinates Radiation patterns are further categorized as relative and absolute radiation patterns. Absolute radiation patterns have absolute units of power or field strength. Relative radiation patterns are presented in relative units of power or field strength. The radiation measurement patterns are mostly relative to isotropic antennas, absolute gain of the antenna is established by antenna gain transfer method. The radiation pattern varies with the distance i.e. the patterns in near filed and far filed are different. The field pattern that exists close to the antenna is known as near filed, and far-field refers to the field pattern that exists at large distances. The far-field is called radiation field. Radiation field and power are what is commonly of interest, so antenna patterns are generally measured in the far-field region. For antenna pattern measurement the distance should be chose large enough not to be in near-field or in far field. The minimum allowed distance depends on the dimensions of the antenna relative to the wavelength. The formula for this distance is: rmin = 2d2/ÃŽÂ » (2.1) Where, rmin is the minimum distance from the antenna d is the largest dimension of the antenna ÃŽÂ » is the wavelength. 2.1.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes Radiation lobes are defines as portion of radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak radiation intensity [3]. These lobes are categorized as follow Major Lobes Minor Lobes Side Lobes Back Lobes 2.1.2 Major Lobe A major lobe is defined as the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation [2]. Normally an antenna has one major lobe. 2.1.3 Minor Lobe Any lobe except major lobe is called minor lobe. It usually represents the radiation pattern which is not desirable. 2.1.4 Side Lobe A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the main lobe [2]. Usually a side lobe is next to the main lobe and is in direction to the main lobe. 2.1.5 Back Lobe A back lobe is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180 ° with respect to the beam of an antenna or that is directed away from the main lobe [2]. File:Typical Antenna Pattern.jpg Figure 2.2: An illustration of major and minor lobes of radiation pattern 2.2 Field Regions The antenna fields are divided into three regions Reactive near field Radiating near field (Fresnel) Far field (Fraunhofer) http://www.nearfield.com/images/theory-ffdist.jpg Figure 2.3: Figure of Near Field and Far Field Regions 2.2.1 Reactive Near Filed It is the region immediately around the antenna. In this region the reactive filed predominates. The distance of this filed with antenna is usually R 2.2.2 Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Radiating near filed is defines as that region of the field of an antenna between the reactive near-filed and the far-filed region wherein radiation fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the distance from the antenna [2]. The distance of inner boundary is R 2.2.3 Far Field Region (Fraunhofer) Far Field region is defined as that region of the field of an antenna where the angular filed distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the antenna [2]. 2.3 Radiation Intensity Radiation Intensity is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle. It is the parameter of far field radiation. 2.4 Directivity Directivity is figure of merit for antennas. It is the power density an antenna radiates in direction of maximum radiation to the average power density radiated by an isotropic antenna. Directivity for an isotropic antenna is always unity. It is expressed as D= (2.2a) (2.2b) Where, D is directivity and U is radiation intensity, Uo is Intensity if an isotropic source and Prad is total radiation power. 2.5 Gain The gain and directivity of an antenna are closely related to each other. However for gain in denominator it is total power accepted by an antenna rather than total power radiated by an antenna. G= (2.3) Gain is dimensionless. According to IEEE standards, gain doesnt include losses arising from impedance mismatching or polarization mismatches. 2.6 Bandwidth The bandwidth is basically the difference or range between highest and lowest frequencies on which an antenna is operated. It is advantageous to have an antenna with high bandwidth. The bandwidth is expressed in term of ratio of upper cut off to the lower cutoff for broadband antennas. 2.7 Beamwidth Beamwidth is the angle usually measured in degrees; between the -3dB power radiated in the main lobe of radiation pattern. img383 Figure 2.4: Illustration of Beamwidth 2.8 Return Loss It is the amount of power that is reflected back in to the transmission line due to mismatching or any other error. It is the efficiency of power delivered to the load from the transmission line. Mathematical representation of Return loss is RL = 10log (2.4) Return loss is measured in dB. http://www.mwrf.com/Files/30/11240/Figure_05.gif Figure 2.5: Return Loss 2.9 Polarization Polarization is defined as point of reference of the electric field of the wave radiated by the antenna. It is categorized in three types: Linear Circular Elliptical 2.9.1 Linear Polarization When there is zero phase difference between x and y component of a wave then polarization is called linear polarization. Linear polarization is further divided into Horizontal polarization Vertical polarization http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/images/3104.gif Figure 2.6: Linear Polarization 2.9.1.1 Horizontal Polarization Horizontal polarization is the one in which wave propagates in x-direction and there is no propagation along y direction. A horizontally polarized wave is explained as a function of time T and E-field position Ex = E1 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.5) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolHoriz.gif Figure 2.7: Horizontal Polarization 2.9.1.2 Vertical Polarization Vertical polarization is the one in which wave propagates in y-direction and there is no propagation along x direction. It can be written in mathematical form as Ey = E2 sin ( É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.6) http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolVert.gif Figure 2.8: Vertical Polarization 2.9.2 Circular Polarization If there is equal phase difference between two waves then there is circular polarization, either clockwise or anticlockwise. Wave moving in clockwise rotation is said to be left circularly polarized and the one propagating in counterclockwise rotation is right circularly polarized. Mathematically it is defined as Ex = E1 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z) (2.7) Ey = E2 sin (É ·t à ¡Ã‚ µÃ‚ z + ÃŽÂ ´) (2.8) E1 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in x direction. E2 is the amplitude of wave linearly polarized in y direction. ÃŽÂ ´ is the phase difference. http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/~manset/PolCirc.gif Figure 2.9: Circular Polarization 2.9.3 Elliptical Polarization If two waves have unequal amplitude or phase then there is elliptical polarization. graphic 1 Figure 2.10 (a): Graphical Representation of Elliptical Polarization http://www.nsm.buffalo.edu/~jochena/images/elliptic2.gif Figure 2.10 (b): 3-D view of Elliptical Polarization 2.10 Voltage Standing Ratio VSWR is the ratio between maximum voltage and the minimum voltage. If there is a difference between load impedance and input impedance then there occurs reflection which causes instructive interference and destructive interference. Instructive and destructive interference produces maximum and minimum amplitudes respectively. Mathematical Expression for VSWR is VSWR= (2.9) http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/images/VSWR/waves5.jpg Figure 2.11: Different Voltage amplitudes at different distances 2.11 Types of antennas There are six different types of antennas [2]. Microstrip Patch Antenna Lens Antenna Wire Antenna Array Antenna Reflector Antenna Aperture Antenna 2.11.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna Microstrip patch antennas fall into the category of printed antennas [4]. A radiating patch is printed on a grounded substrate which is usually feed via a transmission line or coaxial cable. Patch can be of any shape and size i.e. circular, square, triangular or rectangular. Amongst all printed antennas i.e. Dipole, Slots, Tapered Slots antennas; Microstrip Patch Antennas are most famous. They are small in size, light in weight and low power consuming. But their bandwidths are smaller and have low gain. They are easy to integrate, good radiation control and cost of production is low. To increase bandwidth many techniques are used that is introducing slots and slits etc. They are used commercially in radars, wireless communications, satellites and mobiles etc. Figure 2.12: Microstrip patch Antenna http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_22121/fig188_01.jpg Figure 2.13 (a): Rectangular Patch Antenna (b): Circular Patch Antenna Microstrip Patch antennas are used in Microwave frequency range. They are used in arrays to increase the bandwidth and gain and for other purposes. http://www.antennamagus.com/database/antennas/99/Stacked_microstrip_patch_array-antenna_design.png Figure 2.14: Array of rectangular patch antennas 2.11.2 Lens Antenna Lens antennas are used to convert spherical radiated waves into plane waves in specific direction by using a source with microwave lens. It actually stops the divergent radiated energy to spread in undesired directions. These are mostly used for the high frequencies. A lens antenna may be of concave or convex shape. They are directional antennas and can scan wider angles. In comparison to reflectors; their gain is 1 or 2 dB less. Lens antennas may be constructed of non-metallic dielectrics or of metallic (artificial) dielectrics [5]. http://www.xibao-electronictech.com/images/product/2/210Lens-Antenna.gifhttp://telecom.esa.int/telecom/media/img/largeimage/WaveguideLensAntennaPrjObj_404.jpg Figure 2.15 (a): Lens Antenna Figure 2.15 (b): Wave guide Lens Antenna 2.11.3 Wire Antenna Wire antennas consist of a simple wire that is used to radiate electromagnetic energy. These wire antennas can be of different shapes. Most commonly used are straight wire antennas i.e. dipoles, loops and helix. Beside half-wave dipoles and quarter wave monopoles, wires of arbitrary lengths are often used to form antennas. Wire antennas can be vertical, horizontal or sloppy with respect to the ground. They may be fed from centre, at end or anywhere in between. The wires can be thick or thin, the radiation of antenna depends upon the thickness of the wire. Antennas with length larger than ÃŽÂ »/2 are called Long-wire antennas. Figure 2.16 (a): Wire Antennas (a) Figure 2.16 (b): Dipole Circular loop 2.11.4 Array Antenna Array antennas are made up of more than one element basic of which is a dipole. Array antennas are the combination of radiating elements in such way that the radiation from these add up giving maximum or minimum radiation in a specific direction. They are used for higher directivity. They are made up of helices, dishes and other antennas. These elements are arranged to form broadside, end fire, collinear, driven and patristic arrays [5]. They are used in applications in which radiation cannot be achieved from single radiating element. They are low weight and low cost antennas. Examples of array antennas are Yagi-Uda, http://www.tennadyne.com/images/tennlpdanavy.JPG Figure 2.17: Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna 2.11.5 Reflector Antenna They are widely used to modify the radiation pattern of radiating elements. They are classified as active and passive reflectors. The active reflectors have corners made up of plane surfaces and they include periscopic antennas, flat-sheet reflectors and corner-reflector antennas. An active reflector may have corner elliptical, parabolic or spherical shape. Active reflectors include parabolic dish, truncated parabola, pill box etc. Reflectors are simple in design, involve only one surface and obey simple laws of optics. The applications of reflector antennas are radars and other point to point communication systems [5]. http://www.sameercal.org/images/reflector_antenna.jpg Figure 2.18: A co-secant Reflector Antenna 2.11.6 Aperture Antenna Aperture antenna is an important antenna for space communication. As the name suggests they consist of some cavity through which electromagnetic waves are transmitted or received. Apertures may be of any shape i.e. rectangular, circular or spherical. Larger the size of antenna larger will be the gain. Aperture antennas have to be placed carefully because they have narrow beam widths. Examples of aperture antennas include waveguides, reflectors horns, slots and lenses. Aperture antennas are commonly used in aircraft and spacecraft applications. http://www.analyzemath.com/antenna_tutorials/introduction_3.gif Figure 2.18: Horn Aperture Antenna Chapter 3 Microstrip Patch Antenna and Feeding techniques 3.1 Introduction Spaceships, aircrafts and other military applications such as missiles where important constraints to consider are performance, manufacturing expenditures, smooth profile and ease of installation and now a days other systems such as wireless communication requires similar type of specifications to consider . And the basic component which is required by these listed applications for transmission of instructions or data and to receive these instructions on the receiver end is antenna. Hence to meet the requirements listed above e.g. smooth profile, cost and performance etc Microstrip antennas are used. Microstrip antennas are diminutive profile, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, easy and cheap to construct using the up to date printed circuit technology. Microstrip antennas have very flexible behavior to polarization, resonant-frequency, and impedance and radiation pattern. They are also used to increase the bandwidth. They consist of a ground plane over which a substrate is mounted and the radiating patch is mounted on the substrate. Generally the ground plane and the dielectric substrate have equal length and width. The Microstrip antennas are illustrated by the width, length and the height of the dielectric substrate which is sandwiched in between the ground plane and the radiating patch 3.2 Structural Configuration The structural configuration of micro strip patch antenna is shown in figure Figure 3.1: Structural Configuration of Patch Antenna It consist of a thin (t Figure 3.2: Side View of Patch Antenna The length of the patch is usually ÃŽÂ »/3 3.3 Formula for Rectangular Patch Antenna To draw the width of the patch we use the formula (3.1) And the length of the patch can be drawn as: (3.2) To reduce the fringing effects we use the following formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L= 0.412h (3.3) Here à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  L is the trimmed length from antenna. (3.4) 3.4 Feeding Methods Following feeding methods are most popular and are used with microstrip antennas 1. Microstrip line feed 2. Coaxial probe feed 3. Aperture coupled feed 4. Proximity coupled feed 5. Coplanar waveguide feed These methods are either contacting or non-contacting. Contacting methods are those in which there is a direct contact between the transmission line and the radiating surface whereas in non-contacting methods, electromagnetic field coupling method is used to transfer the power. 3.4.1 Microstrip Line Feed In this feeding method, the line feed is conducting strip of small width as compared to the patch. It is the easiest feeding method; easy to fabricate and simple to model. The radiating strip is placed at radiating patchs edge and it is of the same material that is used for patch. If length of the strip is greater than the wavelength, losses will be generated. It can be reduced if the strip line has a substrate with high dielectric constant and low weight, so that the fields are confined to the strip line. A line feed of dimensions 17x3mm is used to obtain 50ÃŽÂ © input resistance. Figure 3.1: Patch with Microstrip Line Feed 3.4.2 Coaxial probe feed In coaxial probe feeds, coax inner conductor is attached to the radiating patch while the other conductor is connected to the ground plane. It is used widely. Its fabrication is easy and has low spurious radiation that is radiation outside the band frequency. It is has narrow bandwidth and it is hard to model for thick substrate. Matching also becomes difficult for thicker substrate because of increase length of probe make it more inductive, its inductance effect can be reduced by using a series of capacitors. Figure 3.2: Patch with coaxial probe feed 3.4.3 Aperture coupling feed It is the non-contacting feed. The two substrates are separated by ground plane in it. The microstrip feed line is on the bottom side of the lower substrate there is a; whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the ground plane which separates the two substrates. A material with higher dielectricity is used for bottom substrate therefore, by this arrangement independent optimization of the feed mechanism and the radiating element can be carried out. For top substrate a thick, low dielectric constant material is used. The ground plane between the two substrates isolates the feed from the radiating element and minimizes the interference. The configuration is shown in the figure Figure 3.3: Patch with aperture coupling feed Matching is performed by controlling the width of the feed line and the length of the slot. Amongst all four techniques this is the hardest to fabricate and has narrow bandwidth. It is somehow easy to model and has moderate spurious radiation. 3.4.4 Proximity coupling feed In this feeding method, microstrip line is placed between two substrates and the radiating patch is placed on the upper substrate. This coupling is capacitive in nature. This coupling has the largest bandwidth as high as 13%. It is easy to model and has low spurious radiation. Its fabrication is somehow difficult. However, length of the stub help in improving the bandwidth, and width-to-line ratio of the patch can be used to control the match. The coupling feed is shown Figure 3.4: Patch with Proximity Coupling Feed 3.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide Feed This feeding technique is used when patch antenna is used in microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC). The coplanar feed is fabricated on a ground plane and coupling is achieved through a slot. This feeding method reduces the radiation from feed structure because of its unusual method of coupled slot. Since CPW (coplanar waveguide) has many advantages such as low radiation leakage, less dispersion and small mutual coupling between two adjacent lines, which is helpful to place circuit elements close together without adding an additional layer of substrate, using CPW as the feeding structure to excite the patch antenna through a slot has become very popular recently. In addition, CPW structure can maintain constant characteristic impedance while varying its geometry, which provides a better impedance matching possibility Figure 3.5: Patch with Coplanar Waveguide Feed 3.3 Categorization on the basis of bandwidth:- On the basis of range of frequency bands, microstrip patch antennas can be categorized into three main classes which are: antenna for narrow band applications antenna for wide band applications antenna for ultra wideband applications Chapter 4 ULTRA WIDEBAND 4.1 Introduction A series of very short baseband pulses with time duration in nano-seconds that exist on ALL frequencies simultaneously. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) can range from hundreds of thousands to billions of pulses/second. Very low power: 41dbm/MHz (FCC) and wide bandwidth: 3.110.6 GHz Modulation techniques include pulse-position modulation binary phase-shift keying And others Radio technology that modulates impulse based waveforms instead of continuous carrier waves 4.1.1 Narrow band vs. Wide band signals UWB could be used to Indoor, short-range communications for high data rates, OR Outdoor, long-range, but for very low data rates 4.1.2 Large Relative Bandwidth UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum. Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude. Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total.UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios 4.1.3 Large Fractional Bandwidth Large fractional bandwidth leads to High processing gain and Multipath resolution and low signal fading. Fractional Bandwidth is the ratio of signal bandwidth (10 dB) to center frequency: Bf = B / FC = 2(Fh-Fl) / (Fh+Fl) 4.1.4 Scalable Technology with Low Power UWB benefits from basic information theory results when: Signal Bandwidth >> Data Rate .Power efficient low-order modulation can be used even for relatively high data rates.Data rates can scale independent of PRF by integrating bit intervals over multiple pulse intervals 4.1.5 Multipath Performance Ultra-wide bandwidth provides robust performance in multipath environments . 4.1.6 UWB Data Rates 4.2 UWB channels Indoor Within a room (LOS NLOS) Investigates the impact of Distance Rx/Tx antenna heights Antenna polarization C:mat_dirsuwblimitsindoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Indoor Systems Outdoor Campus environment Low altitude Mobility C:mat_dirsuwblimitsoutdoor5.tif UWB Emission Limit for Outdoor Hand-held Systems 4.3 Emission limits for UWB UWB Emission Limits for GPRs, Wall Imaging, Medical Imaging Systems. Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies. UWB Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging Surveillance Systems 4.4 Features of UWB :- Ultra-short pulses Baseband transmission Low duty

Great Gatsby-Santiago :: essays research papers

This may be true in all cases, but it is clearly predominant in Ernest Hemingway's Old Man and the Sea. It is evident that Hemingway modeled the main character, Santiago after his own person, and that the desires, the mentality, and the lifestyle of the old man are identical to Hemingway's. Santiago is an old fisherman who lives in a small coast town in Cuba. At the time that Hemingway wrote the story, he was also an elderly gentlemen and was such an avid fisherman throughout his life, that books such as "Ernest Hemingway, The Angler As Artist† were written on the sole subject of how this obsession influenced Hemingway's writing. Furthermore, he fished off the coast of Cuba so much that he decided to "buy the 'Finca Vigia' in Cuba, a substantial estate located about fifteen miles from downtown Havana . . .† For entertainment Santiago would "read the baseball." Meanwhile Hemingway often "relied on baseball analogies† in his writing, suggesting that he also loved the game. These similarities between Santiago's lifestyle and Hemingway's cannot be ignored or passed off as coincidence because they are much too precise. Already, from these prominent identical traits it is evident that Hemingway modeled the character of Santiago after his own person. Hemingway had a very characteristic view of life. He believed it was admirable to risk one's life in order to test one's limits. His love of bullfighting clearly demonstrated this. Raymond S. Nelson, Hemingway scholar, states, "He saw bullfighting as tragic ritual, and he lionized the better bullfighters as men who risked death every time they entered the arena -- a stance he admired and chose for himself in other ways." One example of Hemingway choosing this stance for himself was when "he shot and dropped a charging Cape buffalo a few feet before the enraged animal would have killed him." This daring act of Hemingway's sounds peculiarly similar to the sport of bullfighting, and is an excellent example of Hemingway's obsession with courting death. Scholar, John Smith believes that "Hemingway's whole life and outlook suggest that, if he had known in advance of this deadly possibility, he would have embraced it even more enthusiastically." Very simil arly, and not so coincidentally, Santiago had this very same mindset. He also believes in testing one's limits and admits as much when he tells himself, ". . . I will show him what a man can do and what a man endures.

Internship Reflection :: Reflection

An internship is a formal program to provide practical experience for beginners in an occupation or profession. By this point in my internship I am more than half way through it and taking on more and more responsibilities and positions as I go along. After a minor break from researching, I researched for three more hours on the Victorian memorabilia project. I found out companies who made postcards and when the Sanborn map company emerged. Once I was done I wanted to prepare more for physical archiving, so I trained two more hours with the Past Perfect disk. Tomorrow started my first experience with archiving. On my first day of archiving I worked with Barbara and Sandy. We filled out data entry sheets and I finished two books within two hours because we were all learning. Each book must have two sheets filled out on it, one being a data entry form and the second being a condition report on the book. These data entry sheets were made to correlate with the Past Perfect archiving program. Once done with the data entry sheets we would copy the number we assigned the book on to the card inside the book and then file the books back on to the shelves in numerical order. So through the Past Perfect training disk and all of us working on the book sheets we became experts at data entry. Second day of archiving I worked with Barbara and Ardienne. We got a total of twenty-five books done, which I finished thirteen of those books. I trained Ardienne how to fill in the data archiving book sheets and I checked to make sure she filled them out correctly. The books we archived will be reference b ooks, which will later be used in a library the Milford Historical Society is planning to have. Some of the books were directly related to Milford, while others were archaeology books. On the third day of archiving with Susan we archived eleven books in total. I taught Susan how to fill out the archiving book sheets. We came across some books we think were accessioned or archived before, which meant they were catalogued already. Thus, we left them on the table in a pile so on the desk till we could solve figure out where they would be shelved.

The Eucharist Essay -- essays research papers fc

Eucharist is the central rite of the Christian religion, in which bread and wine are consecrated by an ordained minister and consumed by the minister and members of the congregation in obedience to Jesus' command at the Last Supper, â€Å"Do this in remembrance of me.† In the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, and in the Anglican, Lutheran, and many other Protestant churches, it is regarded as a sacrament, which both symbolizes and effects the union of Christ with the faithful. Baptists and others refer to Holy Communion as an â€Å"institution,† rather than a sacrament, emphasizing obedience to a commandment. Traditionally, Jesus' command to his disciples at the Last Supper to eat the bread and drink the wine â€Å"in remembrance of me† constitutes the institution of the Eucharist. This specific command occurs in two New Testament accounts of the Last Supper, Luke 22:17-20 and 1 Corinthians 11:23-25. Older theology asserts that Jesus gave this command on this occasion to ensure that Christians would break bread and drink wine in his memory as long as the church endured. A critical approach to the Gospel texts, however, has made this conclusion less certain. The command â€Å"Do this in remembrance of me† does not appear in either Matthew's or Mark's account of the Last Supper. Consequently, a number of scholars have supposed that the undoubted experience of communion with the risen Christ at meals in the days after Easter inspired in some later traditions the understanding that such communion had been foreseen and commanded by Jesus at the Last Supper. The matter can probabl y never be resolved with complete satisfaction. In any case, the practice of eating meals in remembrance of the Lord and the belief in the presence of Christ in the â€Å"breaking of the bread† clearly were universal in the early church. The Didache, an early Christian document, refers to the Eucharist twice at some length. The Didache and the New Testament together indicate considerable diversity in both the practice and the understanding of the Eucharist, but no evidence exists of any Christian church in which the sacrament was not celebrated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The development of Eucharistic doctrine centers on two ideas: presence and sacrifice. In the New Testament, no attempt is made to explain Christ's presence at the Eucharist. The theologians of the early church tended to accept Jesus' wo... ...s of Scripture readings, a sermon, and prayers. This part of the Eucharist, apparently adapted from Jewish synagogue worship, has been prefixed to the service of bread and wine at least since the middle of the 2nd century. The second part of the service, the â€Å"service of the Upper Room,† consists typically of an offering of bread and wine; the central Eucharistic prayer; the distribution of the consecrated elements to worshipers; and a final blessing and dismissal. This particular part of the service has its roots in the ancient traditional table prayers said at Jewish meals. The central Eucharistic prayer, the Anaphora, which is Greek for â€Å"offering†, typically contains a prayer of thanksgiving for the creation of the world and its redemption in Christ; an account of the institution of the Last Supper; the oblation, or Anamnesis—the offering of the bread and wine in thankful remembrance of Christ; the Epiclesis, or invocation of the Holy Spirit on the bread and wine and on the congregation; and prayers of intercession.Bibliography Underwood, Karen. The Eucharistic Prayer. New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co., 1985 â€Å"Eucharist,† World Book Encyclopedia (1999 edition), IV, 290-92.

How Far Do You Agree That “the Play of King Lear Presents Us

How far do you agree that â€Å"The play of King Lear presents us with a bleak and cruel world and offers us no comfort at the end Much of Shakespeare’s King Lear follows themes such as betrayal on the part of the antagonists and the protagonist’s blindness of the events which have befallen them. For example in a rage with Kent Lear exclaims ‘Out of my sight! ’ with Kent’s retort simply being ‘See better Lear’ this motif of a characters blindness continues throughout the play.Some of the characters can be seen to be prolifically cruel throughout the play and while many of the these characters die by the end of the play their actions still have ramifications. Gonerill and Regan for example strip their father of his self awareness and leave him to scrabble for his sanity on an unwelcoming and bleak heath. Lear is not exempt from blame for his circumstances but the disastrous and tragic consequences seem to out balance the flaws in his fra gile mind.This is a tragedy however so Lear’s downfall as the result his hamartia was expected for the katharsis of the Jacobean audiences to be achieved. The play has a sinister atmosphere but Shakespeare may have tried to include moments of comfort either for the tension of the drama or to give the audience a sense of hope. In Act 1 of King Lear Shakespeare seems to foreshadow the key themes of the play which often have sorrowful consequences for many of the characters.For example when Lear decides that he will test his daughter’s flattery in exchange for their share of the kingdom, ‘Which of you shall we say doth love us most, that we our largest bounty may extend’ the contest seems to be an empty gesture as Gloucester and Kent had already discussed that both dukes could already expect an equal share of England ‘for qualities are so weighed that curiosity in neither can make choice of either’s moiety’.The kings’ empty words ar e soon mirrored by his children’s as Gonerill remarks that ‘Sir, i love you more that word can wield the matter’ and ‘A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable’ her hyperbole contradicts her when she goes on to explain further. Regan too expresses her true feelings poorly by simply agreeing with her sister ‘I am made of that self-mettle as my sister’ this sounds as if it were just a shallow echo of Gonerill without out conviction of love Lear expected.However Lear does not recognise this as the audience might and so when Cordelia decides that she must ‘Love, and be silent’ and says ‘nothing my lord’ Lear indicates his own future ‘Nothing will come of nothing’ Because of Gonerill’s lack of seniority her expressions of love are devalued and mean nothing so that when Cordelia characterises her feelings towards Lear as loving him ‘According to my bond, no more nor less’ she re establishes the verbal integrity. To a Jacobean audience the theme of nothing may be more prevalent just from Lear’s initial speech ‘Know, that we have divided in three our kingdom†¦ To a christian audience this may have emulated Matthew 12. 25 ‘Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation’. Yet even when in the most dire circumstances compassion is shown by various characters. After he is thrown into a storm and in his words Lear’s ‘†¦ wits begin to turn’ he still shows pity for the fool when he asks ‘Come on, my boy: how dost, my boy? art cold? ’ This is either one of few examples of Lear’s selflessness or his attempt to cling to his only symbol of reality. The injustice of many of the characters are obvious throughout the play.But there are some signs of pity and compassion and of loyalty too. This is usually due to a possible feelings of obligation to family or superiority which contrast ingly in other examples become treachery. For example Gloucester’s ultimate punishment for his trust in Edmond is that Cornwall puts out the Earl’s eyes. A servant protests at the brutality of Gloucester’s treatment ‘†¦ But better service have I never done you’ Along with Cordelia and Kent the servant pays the ultimate price for this and is killed.The King’s fool is mourned at the end of the play by Lear because of his selfless attitude towards helping Lear’s understanding ‘So out went the candle, and we were left darkling’. When Gonerill begins to undermine Lear’s sanity the fools says this to relay it to Lear. The loyalty of both the Fool and Kent to Lear can be seen as a comforting thought, suggesting that the king who had lost everything still maintained allies. The Fool used seemingly frivolous songs to try and guide Lear however unsuccessfully into a better situation.Kent too remained loyal, even after Le ar had banished Kent he felt a need to serve his master faithfully. Unfortunately in the final act Lear states that ‘my poor fool is hanged’ and after Lear’s death Kent says ‘My master calls me i must not say no’ suggesting he must follow Lear into death. In this instance the folly of humans are overrun by the divine goodness of nature. However the play may also send another spiritual point, a more nihilistic one; if in fact there is such a thing of gods then they are not sympathetic to the tribulations of human society and are as cruel to them as any animal.This is perhaps inconceivable to Lear as he scorns Gonerill and Regan’s behavior as ‘unnatural’ and uses animal image and similes to describe them, her tongue is said to be ‘serpent like’ and whose gratitude is ‘sharper than a serpent’s tooth’. Both may be biblical references to the greed and wickedness of mankind. Edgar too describes himself a s a ‘dog in madness’ and ‘wolf in greedines’ here we know that unlike Lear Edgar is not mad and so his word may be taken as a small parable of mankind’s fragility.At realising his two eldest daughters are betraying him Lear calls to the heavens to take his side and strike them with a storm ‘ ‘O heavens ! If you do love old men, if your sweet sway, show obedience, if you yourselves are old, make it you cause. Send down, and take my part! ’ The cruel dramatic irony being that it will be Lear who suffers a terrible storm on the heath and in his mind. As well as this the audience may see that Lear’s language hasn’t changed from the beginning of the play when he still held a position of power.Lears first words of the play is a command ‘ Attend the lords of France and Burgundy Gloucester’ This imperative sentence shows his authority which even when Gonerill and Regan reduce his only semblance of his kingship, h is army to nothing he still clings to like a child, ‘Send down and take my part! ’. This may be the root of Lear’s downfall. At the time of King Lear’s first performance, England was in political and economic turmoil Elizabeth I’s still recent death and the Gunpowder plot scared Shakespeare’s time in history. King Lear then may be a partly a criticism of an inherently unfair society.To an Elizabethan audience Edmond’s self interest to not ‘stand in the plague of custom’ and not uphold his loyalty to the king and his father was of a growing trend. At the time then Edmond may not have been seen as a villain but perhaps a free thinking individual who was prepared to do whatever it took to be successful. The apparent lack of justice in King Lear is shown by King Lear himself ‘ I am a man, more sinned against than sinning’ Lear often reaches for some wider reason for his misfortunes but perhaps finds little comfort in the end when he realises his mistakes too late to change the play’s resolution.This aspect of the story follows the theories of tragedy from Aristotle and so Lear can be said to be a ‘tragic hero’. However if King Lear can be seen as a spiritual play then Lear’s ending is one of redemption and since both Gonerill and Regan die the kingdom can once again rise from the ashes. Cordelia too serves this metaphor embodying Christ’s noble crusade against evil with a french army and dying a martyr for her father but not without speaking with him and so restoring Lear’s jagged mind even if only partially.King Lear depicts the cruelty of humankind and the breakdown of a man’s mind, the social and family ties around him and his kingdom. The token examples of compassion, shown to the audience to some extent only amplify the Shakespeare’s ‘darker purpose’ of a savage loss of morals. What little justice thats offered at the e nd, Edgar prevailing over his brother for example can not compensate for the punishment that Lear and the other characters endure. The very notion of ‘nothing’ is so significant by the end of the play the most of the characters are literally reduced to nothing.

Ethics and Compliance

Ethics and Compliance Fabian Marrero, Kevin Martinez FIN/370 March 9, 2013 Norberto Molina Perez Ethics and Compliance In this paper we will as a team: Assess the role of ethics and compliance in your organization’s financial environment. Describe procedures your organization has in place to ensure ethical behavior. Explain how financial markets work in the United States. Identify processes the organization uses to comply with SEC regulations.Evaluate your organization’s financial performance during the past 2 years, using financial ratios. Calculate the ratios for each year: Current, Debt, Return on equity Discuss the trend for each ratio and what it tells you about the organization’s financial health. The business code and ethics code at the company Lowe’s stores begins with the board of director’s right through to the newest of workers. The requirement to read and follow the code of conduct is vital for all who are associated or represented by th e company.Compliance with governmental regulations involving ethics is valued by Lowe’s and held strong. The application of ethics financially, under section B of the code of conducts states: â€Å"employees and members of their immediate families should not have any financial interest, direct or indirect, in any organization that is or is seeking to be a supplier of merchandise or other property or services to the company† (Lowe’s, 2012).Areas of importance that are also covered in the codes pertaining to financial concerns are â€Å"payments to governmental officials or other persons, the importance of accurate books and records along with adhering to internal controls to financial reporting, protection, and proper use of company assets, public company reporting, and insider trading according to the code of conduct. † (Lowe’s, 2012). The possession of information or knowledge of a transaction or attempted transaction must be informed to the emplo yee’s direct supervisor.There is a strong encouragement towards employees to utilize the business’s open door policy or simply by using the website at www. ethicspoint. com (Lowe’s, 2012). Any situations involving any executive officers such as principal executive officers, financial officers, are concern given charge to the general counsel and chief compliance officer. Zero tolerance is given for any retaliation towards any individual that goes against the reporting of any violations of the conduct codes.The ability of the exchange of previously issued financial assets from individuals to businesses is the main purpose of the financial markets in the U. S. The actual structure brings borrowers, investors, and intermediaries that put together the financial institutions and markets that put both together as a whole. Finance companies, insurance, investment companies, investment banks, are some of the organizations that can compromise the marketplace. The majority of the time individuals deal with commercial banks on a daily basis.The recession of 2008 what greatly due to some non bank intermediaries that made a great number of citizens remove their funds from financial marketplaces. Securities play a significant role in the marketplace in addition to these organizations. These markets are made up of primary and secondary markets. The primary markets are made up of new securities so firms may utilize them to raise capital to assist with financing. The transference of previously issued securities that investors move within each other is secondary markets.Securities can consist of common stock, preferred stock, equity, and debt securities. Finally, financial markets provide the money necessary by companies and individuals and create links between investors and corporations. Because of the stock market crash of 1929 the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission was created. S. E. C. mission is to regain the confidence in investors in capital mar ket by issuing information that is reliable with honest and clear rules. Under this commission any publically traded entity must disclose their financial information by law.This allows the investor the information necessary about selling, buying or even holding a specific security. Under the SEC regulations, publically traded organizations must disclose their financial information. This information provides investors common knowledge about buying, selling or holding a particular security. Last but not least, â€Å"the S. E. C. s primary responsibilities are to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation† (U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2012). Lowe’s has been a publicly held company since October 10, 1961. Lowe’s list’s on the New York Stock Exchange with shares trading under the symbol LOW. The New York Stock Exchange is the largest financial industry brands in the world. Membership with th e NYSE has made one regarded as a valuable property since 1868. In April 2006, the NYSE went both electronic and public that the exchange was a membership-only organization† (New York Stock Exchange, 2012). Since Lowe’s is a publically traded entity, it must file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission.Some important documents such as, Annual reports, quarterly, current and any other reports necessary for the S. E. C. to properly evaluate the business and its use for investors. Financial reports must have accuracy and be in full compliance with the regulations of the SEC. Finance statements together with the independent registered accounting firm by the name of â€Å"Deloitte and Touche LLP† show that this practice â€Å"acknowledges adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934† (Lowe’s 2012).This basically means that this firm is agreeing to give their full ass urance to the company that their finance reporting will be reliable and will present accurate financial statements for publishing. Reports to the SEC are as follows: Balance sheets, consolidated statements, statements of cash flows, notes to consolidated financial statements, statements of earnings. Serious violations from organizations of misleading information, fraudulent accounting practices, and even insider trading can cause SEC to use civil enforcement against a business for security law violation.EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system) is a automated collection and validation system that by law is required to file forms. â€Å"The primary purpose of EDGAR is to increase the efficiency and fairness of the securities market for the benefit of investors, corporations, and the economy by accelerating the receipt, acceptance, dissemination, and analysis of time-sensitive corporate information filed with the agency† according to the (U. S. Securitie s and Exchange Commission, 2012).Historical ratios in comparison to a business’s current period ratios to determine if a firm’s financial status is growing or in deterioration. Ratios illustrate a company’s performance and current ratios permit a company’s liquidity by putting in comparison current assets and current liabilities. Measurement of debt ratio shows the amount of assets financed by borrowing. The rate of return earned by common shareholders’ in the firm is known as return on equity, and finally accounts receivable turnover ratio shows the amount of times that it rolls over throughout the year.Throughout 2010 the economy was demonstrating sings of recuperation, but increasing rates of unemployment were visible in the home improvement industry. A decline in the value of property, tight credit for consumers, and disposable income was slow to grow. Illustrations below show the continued growth in the business. Growth and stability and above all, growth in the long run show that Lowe’s has expectations to maintain a flow of cash throughout the next few years. Financial Performance of Lowe’s: Current Ratio | Debt Ratio | 2010 | 2010 | 3005000 = 2. 37 times | 13936000 = 42. 2% | 13936000 | 33005000 | | | 2011 | 2011 | 33699000 = 2. 16 times | 15587000 = 46. 3% | 15587000 | 33699000 | Return on Equity | 2010 | | 1783000 x 4815 x __1__4818 3300500 1-0. 42 | 36. 53 x 0. 0015 x 1. 72 = 9. 4% | | 2011 | | 2010000 x __50208__ x ___1___50208 33699000 1-0. 463 | 40. 03 x 0. 0015 x 1. 86 = 11. 2% | Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio 2010 | 2011 | 32250000___ = 0. 42 days | 34790000___ = 0. 49 days | 208000/365 days | 193000/365 days | | |To finalize the company we have chosen continues to follow its ethical behavior tradition within the home improvement world. The business will keep with updating codes of ethics as the demand for the best environment for customers is what they strive for. SEC assures that Loweâ€⠄¢s continues to follow old and new regulations always. The financial performance is visible proof of their continued effort for improvement. With the information given we can clearly see that Lowe’s will keep in the home improvement industry as one of the major players in the years to follow.References Lowe’s. (2012). Investor Relations. Retrieved from http://phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=95223&p=irol-IRHome Lowe’s. (2012). Lowe’s 10-k annual report. Retrieved http://phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=95223&p=irol-reportsannual New York Stock Exchange. (2012). History. Retrieved from http://nyse. nyx. com/history U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2012). What we do. Retrieved from http://www. sec. gov/about/whatwedo. shtml