Building Construction for the fire service Essay

Building Construction for the fire service - Essay Example Historically, the summer of 1871 in Chicago brought intense and uncontrollable fire, which burnt massive housing. Around 17,500 buildings burnt and 90,000 people were affected by the fire of 24 hour or more. Approximately 300 people died due to it and the dry summer with strong winds spread burning debris in all directions, which affected 73 miles of area. The building structure of that era entailed single layer construction style. The outside layer was responsible for fire protection, but the inside contained all wooden structure. The main water supply and storage was also a wooden structured pine building. When the fire grew intense due to unavailability of proper extinguishing mechanism, (Schons, 2011) the fire blazed for unlimited duration until the rain cooled it off after 24 hours. The pine wood water storage building was the only water supply used by the fire department in those days and that water was also wasted due to collapse of that building. After this horrific fire incident and massive destruction the authorities bend down to look into the basic design of building structures in such catastrophic situations. Therefore, in 1896 NFPA National Fire Protection Association devised a new way to protect massive fire in buildings; hence, introduced automatic sprinkler system. Initially, this system lacked proper standardization and many apprehensions from the researchers made it a little slow to become implementable. However, in 1901, majority of the Factory Mutual buildings were instilled with automatic sprinkler as an innovative fire protection tool, and this technical change in the construction of building became the prime way to prevent property from sudden fire. Another deadly fire incident in Iroquois theater (1903) is considered the lethal fire event in the history of US that burnt 602 people. The wooden structure of the theatre, no exit passage, and ornamental fabric (curtain and

Female juvenile delinquents Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Female juvenile delinquents - Research Paper Example The juvenile justice domain is trying to comprehend what is the best system to react to the needs of these girls that are inflowing the system are. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) One of the most consistent findings in criminology is that for almost every offense that females engage in, there is far less crime and delinquency than there is for males. Although, females constitute a lesser overall segment of juvenile arrests than males, yet it has also been observed that the two genders’ arrest examples have swerved somewhat over the past decade. Females comprise almost one-third (29%) of all juvenile arrests, about one-third (34%) of arrests for property crimes, and less than one-fifth (18%) of the arrests for violent crimes. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) However, even though it is the serious and violent crimes that capture the attention of the media and the public, the majority of juvenile arrests are for far less serious offenses, like status offenses, which accounted for three-quarters (76 %) off all juvenile arrests. Despite the mounting concern for female offending there is very little known about female delinquency. Social scientists have excluded females from their past studies of juvenile delinquency, apparently suspecting that delinquency among females is a subset or minor variation of delinquency among males. (Hoyt & Scherer, 1998) There are major differences as well as similarities between the two gender groups of delinquents. Girls express their inner conflicts and anger in a direct manner where males seem to make their conflicts known through group misbehavior which is calculated to gain status through various devices. It appears that the problems of the females warrant different solutions and approaches towards treatment and rehabilitation than those of the male delinquents. However, it is essential to instill in both genders of delinquent offenders more positive goals and self images as well. It is also apparent that different methods of group therapy shou ld be employed to reflect the differences in the genders and their self concepts. Girls appear to have a more depressing self perception than males and they experience more discarded and are inclined to recognize less with each other as well. Girls time and again are likely to observe themselves as more secluded class than do the male delinquents. Males have been consistently rated as more aggressive during childhood and more boys are diagnosed with conduct disorders than females as well. Girls are less likely to get involved in all types and ranges of delinquent behaviors than are males. Due to the fact that girls are more invested in the interpersonal relationships than males are then girls are more likely to either get involved in or be affected by parental conflict and may in fact be pulled into delinquent behaviors through involvement with delinquent males (Gorman & Loeber, 2005). By understanding the circumstances of antisocial behavior in adolescents we can then more easily i dentify the critical developmental periods that delinquents go through during which intervention could modify the developmental trajectory of the females’ antisocial behavior. In other words female offending is established through many channels with many factors involved but